徽州文化-中英文对照

我是一只鱼

走进徽州

     徽州，不仅以绮丽的自然风光闻名于世，更以灿烂的历史文化享誉全国。千百年来，以其悠久的历史沉淀、丰富的文化蕴藏，厚重的民风民俗、古朴的生活方式，吸引着无数对其魂牵梦绕、充满兴趣、渴求认知的人们……就让我们从这里开始吧！
                                                            Part One: Walk into Huizhou District
    Huizhou, not only is world famous by its beautiful natural scenery, enjoys a good reputation the nation by the bright historical culture.A lot of year, precipitates, the rich cultural implication by its glorious history, the sincere common social practice folk custom, the plain life style, attract are being lost in a reverie innumerably to it the people who, the fill interest, earnestly seeks the cognition ......Lets us start from here!

我是一只鱼

                                   第一单元：新安大好山水
    “人行明镜中，鸟度屏风里”，徽州自古以来就是一个美好的地方。这里山水秀美，资源丰富，不仅有享誉世界的黄山风景名胜区和新安江山水画廊，还有齐云山道教圣地景区，太平湖风景名胜区，牯牛降自然保护区，清凉峰自然保护区，桃花源里人家景区。这里是理想的人居之地，是国际著名的休闲旅游胜地。
                           Unit One: Landscape in Xin’an
   “People walk in a clear mirror while birds fly in a folding screen.” Huizhou District has always been a nice place since ancient times. There are graceful landscape and various resources here. Huangshan Mountain and Art Gallery of mountain and water in Xin’an are well-known to the world. Besides, there are places of interests like Qinyunshan Taoist Mountain, Taiping Lake, Guniuxiang Natural Reservation, Qingliangfeng Natural Reservation and Taohua Yuanli Park. This is an ideal place for residence and a world famous attraction for leisure traveling.

我是一只鱼

第二单元：徽州人与徽州

   早在四五千年以前，徽州人的祖先就已经在这块土地上繁衍生息了。商周时期，这里的土著先民——“越人”已相当活跃。
   秦朝，始置黟、歙二县。汉建安十三年（公元208年）始设府、郡一级行政建置——新都郡。西晋太康元年（公元280年）改为新安郡。
   隋唐时期，这里被称为歙州、新安郡。唐大历五年（公元770年），徽州“一府六县”格局的形成，州领歙县、黟县、休宁、婺源、祁门、绩溪六县。
   北宋宣和三年（公元1121年），歙州易名“徽州”。元为徽州路，明清时期为徽州府。
   徽州是个移民之地，其居民主要由汉以后南迁的中原移民和本地山越人组成。故其文化也由本土固有的越文化和汉以后南迁的中原文化融合而成。
   徽州是一个历史文化地理概念，包括徽州府“一府六县”——歙县、黟县、休宁、婺源、祁门、绩溪，兼及历史上同属新都、新安的淳安和建德。
                      Unit Two: Local People and Huizhou District
   The ancestors of Huizhou people have settled down in this area since four or five thousand years ago. In Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the aboriginals here----“Yue people” were known by the outsiders.
   In Qin Dynasty, Town of Yi and She were first built. The administrative system of Fu and County were first built in the 13th year of Jian’an, Han Dynasty (AD208) ----Xindu County. Its’ name was changed to Xin’an County in Taikang, Xijin Dynasty (AD 280).
It was called Shezhou District or Xin’an County in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The structure of     “One Fu and Six Counties” was formed in Tang Dynasty (AD 770), Huizhou District leading She, Yi, Xiuning, Ziyuan, Qimen and Jixi counties.
   Huizhou District is a place for immigrants. Residents here are mainly consisted of immigrants from the Middle Plain after Han Dynasty and local Shanyue people. So the culture here is mixed of local Yue culture and Middle Plain culture coming here after Han.
   Huizhou District is a historical, Cultural and geographical concept. It includes Huizhou Fu “ One Fu and Six Counties”----She County, Yi County, Xiuning, Ziyuan, Qimen, Jixi, as well as Chun’an and Jiande, which were historically belonged to Xindu and Xin’an.

我是一只鱼

天下徽商


    徽商是中国明清两代最具势力和最有影响的商帮，曾经在中国商界叱咤风云300余年。他们敢为天下先，突破几千年来重农抑商的封建藩篱，勇敢地驰骋商海。他们的足迹遍布全国，甚至涉及海外，创造了“无徽不成镇”奇迹.
    徽商在创造盛及百年、富甲天下，左右国家经济命脉奇迹的同时，又因其崇文好儒的文化态度，使其对当时中国商业以外的文化创造、艺术革新、社会风尚产生重大影响。
同时，徽商创造的物质财富和精神财富是徽州社会历史全面高度发展的重要支点，是徽文化崛起和繁荣的坚实基础。他们对乾嘉学术、刻书版画、科技教育、新安医学、建筑书画以及戏曲的众多创新与发展都做出了巨大的贡献, 对徽州的经济、文化和社会发展影响深远。

                          Part Two: The Age of Hui-Merchants
   Hui merchants were the most powerful and important business group in Chinese history of Ming and Qing Dynasties. They had played an active role in Chinese business world for more than 300 years. They were brave to be the first in China doing business, breaking feudal wall of promoting agriculture and restraining commerce. Their footprints were all over China, even abroad. They created a miracle that “there was no town without Hui merchants”.
   Hui merchants made a miracle by keeping their prosperity for hundreds of years, most rich in China and influencing Chinese national dominated economy. At the same time, because of their cultural attitude of admiring literature and scholars, they did an important impact on cultural creativity, art renovation and social customs besides Chinese commerce at that time.
   Meanwhile, the material and spiritual fortune Hui merchants had made was the supporting point on which social history of Huizhou District developed on a high level. It was the strong basis on which Hui culture advanced. Hui merchants contributed a lot in the renovation and development of learning in Qianlong and Jiaqing Times, etching and prints, technology education, Xin’an medicine, books and paintings on architecture, and traditional Chinese opera. Also they did a deep and further influence on economy, culture and social development in Huizhou District.

我是一只鱼

第一单元：“无徽不成镇”


    徽商，又称新安商人，它是指旧徽州府籍商人或商人集团之总称，是明清时期最杰出的商帮。
    徽商，崛起于皖南山区，兴盛于明清。在当时的历史条件下，他们冲破封建藩篱，打破抑商禁锢，崇奉诚信为本的商业道德，贾道儒行，驰骋商海，在盐业领域开创了独执牛耳的局面，并在茶业、木业、典当业等贸易方面也取得不凡的业绩。
    鼎盛时期徽商的活动范围东抵淮海，西达滇黔和关陇，北至燕辽，南到闽粤，甚至远至日本、东南亚及葡萄牙。特别是在长江流域，徽商创造了“无徽不成镇”的商业奇迹。
    徽商商业资本之巨、从贾人数之众、活动区域之广、经营行业之多、经营能力之强，以及辐射力和影响力之大，都是当时其他商帮所无法匹敌的，他们在中国商界称雄数百年。
                  Unit One: there was no town without Hui merchants
    Hui merchant, also called Xin’an merchant, represented merchant with an identity in original Huizhou District or the merchant group. It was the most outstanding business group in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
    Hui merchant began their career in Wannan District and reached the top in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In that situation and time of history, they broke the feudal restriction of business and hold the commercial morality by keeping the principle of trust. They behaved gently in a Confucius way in the business world and led the first position in salt industry. Also they did remarkable jobs in tea and wood industries as well as pawn shops.
In their best time, the commercial area of Hui merchant reached Huaihai Sea in the east, Yunnan Guizhou and Gansu in the west, Beijing and Liaoning in the north, Fujian and Guangdong in the south, even to Japan, Southeast of Asia and Portugal. Especially in the area of Yangtse River,Hui merchant created the miracle that “there was no town without Hui merchants”.
Other business groups could not compete with Hui merchant in terms of huge business capital, number of merchants, wide business field, various business industries, strong operation ability, powerful spreading and influence. They had been the top one in Chinese business world for hundreds of years.

我是一只鱼

第二单元：徽商背后的女人


    在徽州，女人是水，默默地延续着家族的繁衍不息；在徽州，女人更是山，坚忍地扶持着飘泊异乡的男人们。
    徽州女人是中国古代妇女中特殊的一个群体，她们集中华传统美德于一身，温良贤惠，外柔内刚。当徽商长年在外漂泊打拼的同时，留守故土的她们尽着女人的本分，坚强地挑起了赡养老人、照顾孩子的家庭重担。夫妻间的聚少离多，白墙黑瓦下的默默守候和苦苦等待，留给我们对徽州女人的钦佩、敬畏，以及隐隐的哀婉。
    每一个成功的徽商背后，都有一位得力的商妇。徽商的辉煌，离不开站在他们身后的徽州女人的支撑和牺牲；徽文化的鼎盛，徽州女人功不可没！
                          Unit Two: Women behind Hui Merchants
     In Huizhou District, women are like water. They take the responsibility of continuing the family generations without any complain. Here, they are more like mountains, standing tough to support men who went far away for business.
     Huizhou women are a special group among ancient Chinese women. They have all good Chinese traditions, mild and competent, delicate appearance with strong mind. When Hui merchants made their living abroad for years, Hui women stayed home, taking the burden of taking care of senior people and children. Couples could seldom get together. Hui women’s stay and waiting under those white walls and black tiles leave us admiration, awe and slight sadness for them.

我是一只鱼

礼义徽州

    徽州，是中国封建社会后期儒家文化的圣地，是享誉海内的礼义之邦和人文望郡。她是宋以来中国理学的重要源头和实践地。以理学大儒程颢、程颐、朱熹为代表的“先儒名贤比肩接踵”，老百姓中也是“肩圣贤而躬实践者”众多。受儒家观念和伦理纲常熏陶，徽州社会重视道德教化，人们唯朱子“书”、“教”、“礼”自持，以“孝悌忠信礼义廉耻”为行为准则。社会风气崇文好儒，这里文教昌盛，名人辈出，被誉为“东南邹鲁”。特别是明清时期，更是“人文郁起，为海内之望，郁郁乎盛唉”！无论在教育、思想和学术领域，还是文化和艺术的各个方面都有突出的创造和非凡的成就，并影响辐射至周边地区，乃至全国。
                            Part Three: The Land of Etiquette
    Huizhou District is the holy land of Confucius culture in late Chinese feudal times, as well as the world famous place of courtesy and loyalty, human civilization county with high reputation. It has been the important resource and place for practicing of Chinese Neo-Confucianism. There are many famous ancient Confucius scholars like Chenghao, chengyi and Zhuxi. The number of ordinary people who were almost scholars like ancient ones but focusing on practicing is big. Influenced by Confucius concept, ethics and morality, Hui society emphasized on moral education. People restrained themselves by “book”, “education”, “courtesy” and kept their behavior principles as “filial piety, love to the family, loyalty, credibility, etiquette, and sense of honor”.
They have social customs that they were fond of writing and Confucianism. Cultural education was prosperous here and lots of famous figures were born. It was called “Southeast Zou Lu”. Especially in Ming and Qing Dynasty, “Lots of scholars and masterpieces appeared which reached the top level home and abroad.” Not only in the academic field for education, ideology and learning, but also in culture and art, they made creative and extraordinary work and influenced surrounding places, even the whole China.

我是一只鱼

第一单元：“东南邹鲁”

   “邹鲁”原指春秋时期的邹国和鲁国，因孟子生于邹，孔子生于鲁，故为文教兴盛之地的代称。
受中原文化的深刻影响，徽州社会风气历来崇文好儒，百姓尊奉“第一等好事只是读书”。宋室南迁以后，这里文教昌盛，书院私塾遍布城乡，“十户之村，不废诵读书”。
    文风的昌盛造就了徽州科举的赫赫成就，明清新科状元数，徽州位列全国前茅，成为我国历史上重要的英杰辈出之地，先后涌现了一大批思想家、学术家、教育家、科学家和艺术家，可谓群贤荟萃，众星闪烁。

                    Unit One: The Cultural Heritage of Confucius
  

   “Zou Lu” originally meant kingdoms of Zou and Lu in Spring and Autumn Times. Mengzi was born in Zou and Confucius in Lu, so Zou Lu was a name for place of culture prosperity.
Influenced deeply by culture from central plains, Huizhou social customs focused on writing and Confucianism. People had a belief that “the best thing should only be reading”. After the royal family of Song Dynasty moved to the South, Huizhou flourished with cultural education. Private schools appeared every town and county. “There are sounds of reading in a town of only 10 families.”
    The prosperity of culture education in Huizhou District brought a remarkable result in Keju Imperial Recruitment Examination. The number of zhuangyuan ("No. 1" in the examination) in Ming and Qing Dynasties is on the top of the list nationwide. It became a place where dozens of ideologists, academic scholars, educationalists and artists were born in Chinese history.  This can be called a place gathering all the scholars like shining stars.

我是一只鱼

第二单元：程朱阙里

  




     新安理学崛起于南宋，终于清初，历经7个世纪。此学派由尊奉祖籍徽州婺源的南宋理学大家朱熹为开山宗师的一批徽州籍理学家为主干所组成。新安理学的实质是阐述儒家纲常伦理的合理性，它对12世纪以后中国哲学和学术思想的发展演变产生了巨大的影响。
    新安理学对徽州社会生活有着直接作用和影响，突出表现在儒家伦理在徽州的普及化和世俗化。新安理学的核心是伦理纲常，讲究忠君孝亲、男尊女卑,注重祭祀程序、丧礼制服等，重视修祠续谱，建牌立坊，旌善纠过等。徽州后儒社会之所以宗法制度行天时地利，较之它地都发育得饱满，与新安理学有密切的关系。

                    Unit Two : The Origins of Neo-Confucianism
    Xin’an Neo-Confucianism developed in Nan Song Dynasty and ended in early Qing Dynasty, lasting about 7 centuries. This school was mainly consisted of a group of neo-Confucianism scholars with Huizhou origin, who regarded the great scholar Zhuxi original in Ziyuan, Huizhou as their pioneer. The feature of Xin’an Neo-Confucianism was to explain the rationality of Confucianism morality and regulation. It made a big impact on development and evolvement of Chinese philosophy and academic ideas after the 12th century.
    Xin’an Neo-Confucianism directly functioned and influenced on social lives in Huizhou District. It was obvious that Confucius morality was popularized and ordinary there in Huizhou. The core of Xin’an Neo-Confucianism was morality and regulation. It focused on loyalty to the emperor, filial piety, man coming first to women, procedures of sacrifice, and uniforms for funeral and so on. They also regarded repairing memorial temples, updating family tree, building memorial archway, honoring charity, correcting mistakes and so on as important things. Late Confucius Time in Huizhou patriarchal system seemed to develop in right time and place, with more complete growth than in other places. It has a close relation with Xin’an Neo-Confucianism.

我是一只鱼

第三单元：徽州宗族

     宗族制度是世袭的以家族为中心、以血缘为纽带的一种社会管理制度。徽州是典型的宗族社会，徽州氏族大姓基本上都由北方中原迁入，大多数均为同宗、同族派衍而出。移居徽州这个比较封闭的地理单元后，他们依然保存了原来严密的宗族传统。
    受新安理学的深刻影响，徽州人宗族观念很强。他们往往聚族而居，累世同居；崇尚孝道，尊祖敬宗；讲究名分门第，严格主仆界限。此所谓“千年之冢不动一拓，千丁之族未尝散处，千载谱系丝毫不紊，主仆之严数十世不改。”
    徽州宗族制度对凝聚同宗势力，加强社会伦理道德教化，激励后代发奋图强，以及维护和谋求本宗族的社会地位和特权曾经起到了的重要作用。

                   Unit Three: The Clan System of Huizhou District


    Clan system is a kind of social management system which is centered by family and related by blood. Huizhou District is a typical clan society. Big clan families in Huizhou mostly moved from central plains. Most of them derived from the same original family. After they moved to Huizhou which was comparably isolated, they maintained strict clan traditions.
    Influenced deeply by neo-Confucianism, people in Huizhou had strong sense of clan. Usually they lived with their big family and all the generations. They admired filial piety, respected ancestors, emphasized on position and statue in society and family, kept strict boundary between lord and servant. This is to say “A single stone on a tomb for thousands of year can not be moved. A big family with thousands of members can not be separated. A family tree with thousands of year’s history can not be in disorder. A strict restraint ion between lord and servant can not be changed for ten generations.”
    Clan system in Huizhou once played an important role in gathering influence of one clan family, strengthening social morality, encouraging off springs to work hard, maintaining and perusing social statue and privilege for one’s clan family.

我是一只鱼

徽州建筑
    徽州建筑是指明清时期徽州府辖区内一种以强化儒家伦理道德秩序为主要精神特征，具有鲜明地域色彩的乡土建筑。
    其特色主要体现在村落民居、祠堂庙宇、牌坊和园林及其附属构件砖、石、木雕上。特别是其村落民居，从选址、设计、造型、结构、布局到装饰美化，都集中反映了徽州的山地特征、风水意愿、儒家伦理和地域美饰倾向。
   徽州建筑是徽文化的重要载体，集建筑、书画和雕刻艺术于一身，具有极高的科学、历史和审美价值。
徽州建筑的勃兴，功在徽商。徽州建筑是徽商“富而显贵”的表达方式，是徽商雄厚实力的象征。

                            Part Four: Architectures in Huizhou
    Architectures in Huizhou are rural architectures with obvious local characters in administrative area of Huizhou Fu in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which is used to strengthen the orders of Confucius morality as its spiritual characteristic.
It shows its characters in towns and local houses, memorial temples and temples, archways and gardens, as well as attachments like bricks, stones and wooden sculptures. Especially their towns and local houses, from site choosing, design, shape, structure and layout to decoration, all the things reveal geographic characters of Huizhou, fengshui, Confucius morality and regional decoration.
     Architecture in Huizhou is an important base of Huizhou culture. It combines architecture, painting, calligraphy and sculpture together, containing extremely high scientific, historical and art values.
    The flourish of architecture in Huizhou owed to Hui merchants. Architecture is their way to express “from rich to royal” and the symbol of their strong financial power.

我是一只鱼

第一单元：徽州村落

  




    皖南古村落是指安徽省境内长江以南地区在清末以前形成的具有历史、艺术、科学价值的民居、祠堂、书院、牌坊、楼台亭阁及水口等建筑群。
    皖南古村落——徽派民居是以明清时期徽商资本为经济基础，以宗族观念为社会基础，在皖南地区特有的地理环境、经济发展状况、社会结构和"徽文化"等诸多因素的催生和影响下形成和发展。
皖南古村落及其民居是徽州文化的重要载体，其历史文化内涵深厚。它们集中体现了中国古代村落建设中的风水文化，贾而好儒的徽商文化，程朱理学的封建伦理文化，聚族而居的宗法文化，以及工艺精湛的徽派民居特色。
    西递和宏村是皖南古村落中最具有代表性的两座古村落,是皖南地域文化的典型表征,被联合国教科文组织列入世界文化遗产名录。

                 Unit One: Huizhou towns among clean water and green mountains
    Wannan ancient towns mean architecture groups with historical, art and scientific values, like local houses, memorial temples, private schools, archways towers, pavilions and water gap, which locate in south of Yangtse River in Anhui Province.
    Wannan ancient towns----Hui style local houses were based financially on the capitals of Hui merchants in Ming and Qing Dynasties, socially on clan concept. They came into shape and developed by promotion and influence of many factors like characteristic geography environment in Wannan District, economy development situation, social structure and Hui culture.
Wannan ancient towns and local houses are important containers of Hui culture, containing deep and significant meanings of history and culture. They intensively present fengshui culture in constructions of Chinese ancient towns, Hui culture of business to Confucius, feudal moral culture of Cheng Zhu Neo-Confucianism, clan culture of living with the big family, dedicated Hui style local houses characters.
     Xidi and Hongcun are most typical ancient towns in Wannan. They are classic symbols of Wannan regional culture and have been recorded as world heritage by UNESCO.

我是一只鱼

第二单元：徽州民居

  




   明朝中叶以后，徽商崛起，雄据中国商界。致富后的徽州商人，将大量资本返回家乡所用，其中重要的一项就是对建筑的投入。他们修祠堂，建宅第，造园林，竖牌坊，架桥梁，盖路亭，给徽州乡村面貌带来了巨大变化。由于“贾而好儒”的特点，具有很高文化素质的徽商们在建筑中注入了自己对住宅布局、结构、内部装饰、厅堂布置的理解和想法，促使徽州建筑从布局与结构到造型和色彩等形成了比较统一的格调和风貌，逐渐构建起风格独特的建筑体系，使徽州建筑不仅具有实用性，还蕴含有丰富的文化内涵。

                       Unit Two: Hui Style Local Houses
    After middle of Ming Dynasty, Hui merchants developed quickly and were on the top of Chinese business world. Rich Hui merchants used most of their money in hometown. One of their investments was construction. They built memorial temples, houses and villas, gardens, archways, bridges and on-the-road pavilions, which made a big change to Huizhou towns. Because of character of “business to Confucius”, Hui merchants with high education level engaged their understandings and ideas of house position, construction, interior decoration and room layout into the construction. This made Hui style architectures have consistent style and look from layout and structure to shape and color. Unique construction system became into form gradually. It made Hui style architectures functional, also contain rich culture.

我是一只鱼

第三单元：“徽州三雕”
   徽州古建筑以砖、木、石为原料，民居、祠堂、庙宇、园林等建筑的柱子、梁架、匾额、斗拱、栏板、门楼、门套、门楣、屋檐、屋顶、屋瓴等上几乎遍布砖、石、木雕刻，常称为“徽州三雕”。
  “徽州三雕”除了在建筑上发挥实际的功用外，还有独特的审美价值。其作品题材广泛，内容丰富，有传说故事、民情风名人逸事、宗教画像、戏剧人物、生活境况和花鸟虫鱼、飞禽走兽及各种图案。在构图上注意变化和透视效果，内容上则注重整体性和情景性。
   “徽州三雕”丰裕的文化内涵和高超的装饰艺术水平，不仅极大地提升了徽州建筑的艺术魅力，而且丰富了当地村居生活的内容，增加了人们的生活情趣，扩大了他们的审美领域。

                Unit Three: “Three Sculptures in Huizhou District

    Materials of ancient Hui style architecture are brick, wood and stone. There are sculptures on brick, stone and wood on almost every pillar, beam mounting, stele, capital, fence, gate tower, door pocket, door header, eave, roof, tile and so on in local houses, memorial temples, temples and gardens. These are often called “Three Sculptures in Huizhou District”.
“Three Sculptures in Huizhou District” have not only practical architectural functions, but also unique art values.  They contain various kinds of contents, such as legends, native customs, and stories of famous persons, religious images, dramatic characters, social lives, plants and animals. Emphases are put on variety and clairvoyance affection in term of construction for the sculptures, while on the dramatic feelings when it comes to the contents.
Rich cultural significance and a high level of art decoration greatly strengthen art charm of Hui architectures, and also add colors to local people’s lives. They made life in Huizhou more interesting and expand people’s art vision.

我是一只鱼

徽州艺术
    充满儒学的人文氛围和精致儒雅的生活孕育出徽州享誉全国的儒雅艺术和工艺品，如文房瑰宝、新安画派、徽派版画、篆刻艺术等。这些艺术和工艺品是徽州文化的重要载体，历史悠久，内涵深厚，具有很高的历史和审美价值，也是中华民族珍贵的文化遗产。

                    Part Five: Art in Huizhou District
     Cultural atmosphere full of Confucianism and elegant life in Huizhou gave birth to its Confucius elegant art and crafts, like dedicated tools for calligraphy, paintings of Xin’an and Hui styles, art of seal cutting and so on. These art and crafts are important containers of Hui culture, which are precious cultural heritage of Chinese people with long history, deep significances, and high historical and art values.