徽州文化-中英文对照

我是一只鱼 · 发表于 2009-1-15 16:09

第一单元：文房瑰宝
纸、墨、笔、砚是我国传统的书写工具，统称为“文房四宝” 是中国古代先民的伟大创造。徽州因其得天独厚的资源条件和深厚的文化传统而成为“文房四宝”的故乡。
徽州四宝俱全，并且历久不衰，不断创新和发展。尤其是徽墨和歙砚，以其历史悠久、品质精良、造型典雅、风格独特而被誉为“文房四宝”之中的佳品，并驰名中外。
它们不仅具有实用价值，而且具有极高的艺术欣赏价值，历来被人们视为艺术珍品，一直受到文人墨客的青睐，争相选用，广为收藏。
徽墨和歙砚对中国文化的发展与保存曾经作出了重要贡献，其制做工艺被列为国家非物质文化遗产。

Unit One: Treasures for Calligraphy

Paper, ink, writing brush and inks tone called “Four Treasures for Calligraphy” are Chinese traditional tools of writing. They are great inventions of Chinese ancestors. Huizhou District is the origin of the “Four Treasures” because of its unique resource condition and cultural traditions with long history.
In Huizhou you can find all the four treasures which are consistently popular with high quality and non-stopping renovation and development. Especially ink made in Huizhou and inks tone made in She county are appreciated as the first class quality for the “Four Treasures” and well-known home and abroad because of their long history, top standard, classic shapes and unique style.
Four treasures in Huizhou contain both functional value and extremely high art value. They have been regarded as art treasures for all the time. All literatures and calligraphers are pleased to use and collect them.
Hui ink and She inks tone contributed a lot to development and conservation of Chinese culture, of which the crafts of manufactures have been recorded as national non-material cultural heritage.

我是一只鱼 · 发表于 2009-1-15 16:10

第二单元：新安画派
新安画派是明末清初之际，一批大明遗民画家以黄山、白岳及徽州山水为创作题材而形成的一个绘画流派。
其特点是：绘画技法崇尚元四家，推倪瓒为宗师。构图上讲求疏密相衬、山水相生，动与静、远与近、清晰与苍茫的结合；笔法洒脱，或清峻峭拔，或枯涩高古；用墨以枯涩简淡为主。他们大多出身于豪门望族，身为大明遗民，采取与清政府不合作的态度，恪守节操和骨气，作品中寄寓着画家对社会心理的观照。寂寥、清冷、荒莽、萧瑟，也就成了新安画派画风的主题内涵。创作中注意从大自然中汲取营养。名山大川是他们从中汲取创作灵感的源泉。

Unit Two: Painting School of Xin’an

Xin’an School of painting started in the time of late Ming and early Qing. Lots of painters of Ming Dynasty made this school come into shape with their works on the subjects of Mountain Huangshan, Mountain Bai and landscape in Huizhou.
It was different for its painting skills which followed Four Masters in Yuan Dynasty. They regarded Nizan as their great master. They emphasized on the composition about combination and balance of density of space, mountain and water, move and still, far and close, clear and misty. They had brushworks which were free and careless, or simple and sharp, or poor but classical. Colors were mainly simple and light. Most of the painters were born in royal families of Ming Dynasty. They maintained the attitude of noncooperation with Qing government, conformed to their traditions and principles and held on their spirit. Paintings contained their understanding, thoughts and hopes of social psychology. So lonely, cold, vast, misty and poor became theme significance of Xin’an Painting School. They liked to engaged meaning and spirit from the nature into their works. Mountains and waters are their sources of creativity and inspiration.

我是一只鱼 · 发表于 2009-1-15 16:10

第三单元：徽州篆刻
徽州篆刻兴起于明嘉靖、万历时期，迄于近代黄宾虹，前后约420年，大致可分为四个阶段：徽州篆刻确立阶段（明代中后期）、发展阶段（清早中期）、后振阶段（晚清）和近代徽州篆刻。
徽州篆刻的艺术特征主要表现在：一以贯之的“崇古”思维，注重学养的创作取向，追求雅逸平和的审美意趣，突出个性的印学理念。徽州篆刻名家除何震、苏宣印风猛利雄健外，总体风格呈雅逸隽永之势，但又各具特色。
徽州篆刻的崛起，确立了文人篆刻艺术的地位，实现了由实用印章向篆刻造型欣赏艺术的转变，同时徽州篆刻始终影响着中国文人篆刻的发展衍变，代表着中国文人篆刻艺术的主流。

Unit Three: Hui Style Seal Cutting

Hui style seal cutting began to develop in Jiajing and Wanli period of Ming Dynasty and stopped on Huang Binhong in modern China. It lasted for about 420 years and can be divided into four phases: funding (middle and late Ming Dynasty), developing (early and middle Qing Dynasty), revival (late Qing Dynasty) and modern times.
Art characteristics of Hui seal cutting are: consistent concept of following ancient and classical style, creativity attempt emphasized on academic cultivation, esthetic standard of elegance, free, peace and harmony, obvious ideas of seal with strong personality. Style of Hui seal cutting generally is elegant and leisure, but various, like sharp and bold of great master Hezhen and Suxuan.
The development of Hui seal cutting confirmed the position of literal seal cutting as an art. It completed the transformation from functional seal to art of shape appreciation. At the same time, it influenced development and transformation and represented main trend of Chinese literal seal cutting.

我是一只鱼 · 发表于 2009-1-15 16:11

第四单元：徽派版画
“徽派版画”是徽州籍画家、木刻艺人和书坊主通力合作创造的的艺术表现形式，先由画家根据需要绘出底图，通过刻工真实地刻在木板上，最后由印工精心印刷完成。
徽派版画起源于中唐，成长于宋元时期，明代中叶成熟并达到高峰，独步海内，盛极一时。期间涌现了大批著名画家和刻工，创造了大批精品名作。
徽派版画以白描手法造型，富丽精工，典雅静穆，抒情气息浓厚见长，所刊年画、画报、画谱、笺谱之类，以及戏曲、小说插图，在技巧上都达到了非常高的水平，构图之完美，形象之准确，线条之纤丽为同时代其它流派所不及，在海内独步一时，并且其产量之多、种类之富、艺术性之高都达到了空前的地步。
徽派版画大大丰富了中华民族艺术宝库，在我国艺术史上独树一帜。同时，徽派版画在推动我国雕版印刷术的发展上起了重要的作用。

Unit Four: The Woodcut Painting of Huizhou

The woodcut painting of Huizhou is a way of art which created by the cooperation of Hui painters, craftsmen of wooden sculpture and book publishers. At first painters drew out the basic pictures according to the needs, then sculpture craftsmen made the pictures vividly on woods. The book was eventually finished by printers carefully.
Hui painting stared in the middle of Tang Dynasty, grew in Song and Yuan Dynasty and got to its top in middle Ming Dynasty. It was extremely popular for a while for its unique character and widely spread home and abroad. At that time lots of famous painters and craftsmen appeared with many classic works.
Hui painting is noted for white line drawing, flush craft, elegance, and strong sense of lyric. Things like new poster, pictorial, painting instruction, annotation, and illustration for drama and novel reached rather a high level. Their perfect compositions, accurate images and dedicated lines are incomparable in other periods. Hui painting led the top position for a long time in China for its abundant production, various kinds and high art value.
Hui painting of its own style added treasures to Chinese arts. Meanwhile it played an important role in developing block print in China.

我是一只鱼 · 发表于 2009-1-15 16:12

第六部分　徽州科技

徽州科技

兴学重教的社会风气，经世致用的观念，徽州人的创新精神以及徽商的积极推动，使得徽州科技在宋元时期开始在全国崭露头角。特别是明中叶以后，徽州科技蓬勃发展，后来居上，在全国独树一帜，在医学、数学、天文学、地理学、物理学、农学、生物学和工程学等众多科技领域都有领先全国的杰出成就。

Part Six: Science and Technology in Huizhou
Technology in Huizhou started to develop in Song and Yuan Dynasties. Especially after middle of Ming Dynasty, it advanced in a fast pace to the top place with its unique style. Remarkable works were done in the fields of medicine, mathematics, astronomy, geography, physics, agriculture, biology and architecture.

我是一只鱼 · 发表于 2009-1-15 16:12

第一单元：新安医学

“不为良相，则为良医”的儒家思想，以及山水奇幽和盛产中药材的客观条件，决定了新安医学的兴起。

新安医学源远流长，自宋而下，久盛不衰，代不乏贤。特别是明清时期，不仅形成了独立的医学流派，而且涉及领域广泛，从医学理论到临床实践，从方书、本草到医案、丛书，从通论到各科，从研究到普及，均能业有所成。

新安医学名医之众，成就之卓越，医籍之丰富，学术特色之浓，影响之大，均居全国地域医学之前列。不仅为杏林瞩目，而且蜚声华夏。

Unit One： Xin’an Medicine

One of Confucius concepts which said that “To be a good doctor if you can not be a good minister” and good environmental conditions for growth of Chinese medicinal materials depended development of Xin’an medicine.
Xin’an medicine started from Song Dynasty and had been appreciated for a long time with its long history and good doctors. Especially in Ming and Qing Dynasties, unique medicine school formed and engaged successful in wide field, from medicine theory to clinic practice, from prescription and medicinal works to clinic case and series of books, from general theory to specific ones, from research to popularization.

我是一只鱼 · 发表于 2009-1-15 16:13

第二单元：科技之星

明清时期，徽州科技进入空前发展的阶段，人才济济，群星辈出，涌现了以程大位、汪机、孙一奎、方有执、汪昂、汪灏、詹希元、胡正言、江永、戴震、汪莱、郑梅涧、郑复光、黄履庄等为代表的一大批科技名流和能工巧匠，科技著作猛增，发明创造层出不穷。内容涉及数学、天文学、地学、物理学、农学、生物学和工程学等领域，取得了一大批领先全国的科技成果。

Unit Two： Stars of Science and Technology

Ming and Qing Dynasties were prosperity times of Huizhou technology. Talents and able people appeared one by one, like Cheng Dawei, Wangji, Sunyikui, Fang Youzhi, Wang’ang, wanghao, Zhan Xiyuan, Hu Zhengyan, Jiangyong, Daizhen, Wanglai, Zheng Haijian, Zheng Fuguang, Huang Fuzhuang and so on. They were representatives of numbers of scientists and skillful craftsmen. Great technical works increased rapidly and inventions came out continually, which involved mathematics, astronomy, geography, physics, agriculture, biology and architecture. Lots of technical achievements which were on the top position of China were realized.

我是一只鱼 · 发表于 2009-1-15 16:13

徽文化走向世界

徽者，美好之谓也。徽州，即是美好的地方。她的先民在这里创造并留下了优秀的传统文化，宋以来徽州社会即追求民主、崇尚法治，讲究公平、主张正义，诚信为本、友爱相处，乡邦安定、社会有序，求索开拓、充满活力，此般为筑造彼时安康社会的种种努力，无疑为我们今日构建社会主义和谐提供了宝贵的启迪和有益的借鉴。
历史上的徽州是中国古代和谐社会的典范。而您此番“徽州文化”之旅，亦是在翻动和体味一部厚重的历史文化教科书，相信洗去的是铅华，增添的是凝重，蕴蓄的是期待。让我们共同祝福：徽州的明天会更加美好，更加和谐！

Hui means beauties in the world. Huizhou is a place of good things. Her ancestors created and left behind outstanding cultural heritages. Huizhou has always been making her efforts to build a peaceful and rich society in principles of democracy, nomocracy, equity, justice, credit, friendship, safety, ordered society, innovation and dynamic world. Such experience becomes helpful edifications and benefits guidelines for us to establish a harmonious society.
Huizhou was a model of harmonious society in ancient Chinese history. Your “Trip to Huizhou” is like reading and tasting a thick book of Hui history and culture. In your hearts, what will be washed away is dust, what will be held on is expectation. We wish Huizhou better and more harmonious tomorrow.